第五章 地球上最后一丝最美好的希望走向第二次美国革命（第15/16页）

《独立宣言》为北方人提供了实现联邦的基础，也为南方人脱离联邦确立了依据。在林肯执政期间，联邦遭遇了解体，因而，林肯也面临着一个主要的任务：必须要否定各州拥有脱离联邦的权利，要证明18世纪的独立革命建立起的是一个单一国家，同时也要证明《独立宣言》事实上并不是为未来可能发生的国家分裂而制定的指南。然而，随着战争的推进，林肯意识到要想这么做，就必须完成开国元勋们未竟的事业：他必须解决各州脱离联邦和南北内战的根源问题——废除奴隶制。如果联邦在军事上能够取胜，那么他们想要长久维持联邦的存在，接下来唯一要做的就是废除奴隶制。林肯知道，只有废除了奴隶制，美国人才有希望实现他们的昭昭天命，成为“地球上最后一丝最美好的希望”。

注释：

[1]Gouverneur Morris to the Federal Convention, July 5, 1787, in Max Farrand, The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Vol. I (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1911) 531.

[2]Alexander Hamilton, Federalist No. 6, “Concerning Dangers from Dissensions between the States, ”and Federalist No. 9, “The Union as a Safeguard against Domestic Faction and Insurrection, ”both published in the Independent Journal.The Federalist Papers can be accessed through the Library of Congress, available at: http://thomas.loc.gov/home/histdox/fedpapers.html (January 18, 2010).

[3]James Madison, Federalist No. 10, “The Same Subject Continued: The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection, ”first published in the New York Packet, Friday, November 23, 1787.

[4]The sixteen“Anti-Federalist”papers were not titled; they appeared in the New York Journal between October 1787 and April 1788, over a variety of pseudonyms, including“Brutus, ”chosen for the allusion to Caesar's assassin.The author was most likely Richard Yates, a New York judge and delegate to the Federal Convention. This quotation is from the second essay, which appeared at the start of November 1787.

[5]James Wilson in The Debates in the Convention of the State of Pennsylvania, on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, [Elliot's Debates, Volume 2] 526-527, available at: http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?hlaw:1:./temp/~ ammemV2sd (January 20, 2010).

[6]James Madison, Federalist N. 48, “These Departments Should Not Be So Far Separated as to Have No Constitutional Control over Each Other, ”first published in the New York Packet, Friday, February 1, 1788.

[7]Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. Phillips Bradley, 2 Vols. (New York: Vintage Books, 1945), Vol. 2, Book II, V: 114-115, 118.

[8]The Rules and By-laws of the Charlestown Library Society (1762), available at: http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/becomingamer/ideas/text4/charlestownlibrary.pdf (January 20, 2010).

[9]Sydney Smith quoted in Alan Bell, Sydney Smith: A Biography (New York:Oxford University Press, 1982) 120; Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The American Scholar”(1837), available at: http://www.emersoncentral.com/amscholar.htm(January, 20, 2010); Margaret Fuller, “Things and Thoughts in Europe, ”New York(Daily) Tribune, January 1, 1848.

[10]Jefferson to Madison, Papers of Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian P. Boyd (Princeton, 1950-) 12: 442; to Washington, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Memorial Edition, 20 Vols. (Washington, 1903-1904) 6: 277.

[11]George Washington to Patrick Henry, October 9, 1795.

[12]Jefferson and Hamilton quoted in Noble E. Cunningham, Jefferson vs. Hamilton:Confrontations That Shaped a Nation (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000) 102-103.

[13]Washington's Farewell Address (1796) is provided online via the U.S. Congress, available at: http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate/farewell/sd106-121.pdf(January 21, 2010).

[14]Philip L. Barbour (ed.), The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 1580-1631, 3 Vols. (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1986) III, 274-275;Gouverneur Morris, speaking to the Federal Convention, July 5, 1787, in Max Farrand, The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, 4 Vols. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1911) Vol. I, 529-531.

[15]Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Vol. I, 401-402.

[16]William Wells Brown, Narrative of William W. Brown, A Fugitive Slave (Boston:Anti-Slavery Society, 1847), 41-43.

[17]For example, Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982).

[18]Thomas P. Kettell, On Southern Wealth and Northern Profits(1860).

[19]Ralph Waldo Emerson, Address Delivered in Concord on the Anniversary of the Emancipation of the Negroes in the British West Indies, August 1, 1844, in Edward Waldo Emerson (ed.), The Complete Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911) II, 125-126

[20]Thomas Jefferson to John Holmes, April 22, 1820.